Per #artistantecolore oggi vi parlo di vetrate gotiche, blu misteriosi e diatribe medievali sull’essenza del colore, che riguardavano sempre Dio, ma finivano per influenzare la moda. Ci troviamo in Francia, a cavallo tra XII e XIII secolo.
Scuole Teologiche e uso dei colori
Nel medioevo, l’arte delle grandi opere, quelle che richiedevano investimenti ingenti, era soprattutto strumentale alla comunicazione, e tutti i messaggi che era importante comunicare erano legati alla religione cristiana. Dalla scelta dei personaggi da raffigurare, alla loro posizione nella scena, fino ai colori, tutto era codificato per trasmettere correttamente il dogma. Ma i dogmi, si sa, non sono immutabili, né sono nati tali: alcuni, inizialmente, erano addirittura eresie.
Le scuole teologiche si scontravano praticamente su qualsiasi argomento e di queste diatribe troviamo traccia documentale nell’arte. Il dibattito, ovviamente, non trascurò i colori. L’esplosione cromatica che era stata il paganesimo, e che viene in parte conservata nei mosaici bizantini, per un certo periodo, quello dell’espansione del monachesimo, venne quasi del tutto ripudiata. Non si trattava solo di una pauperistica tendenza alla sobrietà, ma di una delicata questione teologica: il colore era da considerarsi luce, quindi emanazione divina, o materia, quindi qualcosa di cui liberarsi per avvicinarsi a Dio?
Cluniacensi e Cistercensi si scontrarono su questo punto per anni, i primi più propensi a considerare il colore come “visibilità dell’ineffabile” (che è la definizione che Sant’Agostino dà della luce), i secondi come dominio del demonio.
Un dettaglio del soffitto arzigogolato nel complesso dell’abbazia di Cluny.
Non vedrete mai questa complessità in una volta cistercense.
Sugerio che offre una vetrata in voto, particolare di una vetrata nell’abbazia di Saint Denis.
San Luigi dei francesi
Le vetrate gotiche e il blu di Chartres
Ed è così che arriviamo al trionfo delle vetrate gotiche francesi, il cui splendore rivoluzionò non solo il modo di concepire lo spazio e la luce nelle chiese, ma anche il sentimento comune per i colori.
Ad esempio, dobbiamo al blu cobalto di Saint-Denis e, soprattutto, a quello di Chartre l’introduzione delle tonalità blu nel vestiario: Re Luigi IX di Francia, conosciuto come Saint Louis (1214 – 1270), divenne il primo re di Francia ad indossare regolarmente abiti di color blu, copiato poi dai nobili.
Il Blu di Chartres fu un successo anche tecnologico, ma putroppo non ci è dato di sapere con esattezza come sia stato possibile: la formula fu per secoli protetta con la vita dagli artigiani, come un preziosissimo segreto industriale.
Qui a destra, Enrico IV di Fancia, che, convertendosi al cattolicesimo, pare abbia pronunciato la celebre frase: “Parigi val bene una messa”.
Delle oltre 170 scene raffigurate nelle vetrate di Chartres, una buona parte sono dedicate alla Vergine, che qui viene definitivamente consacrata al blu, senza traccia della veste rossa che tradizionalmente indossa nelle rappresentazioni medievali e rinascimentali. Notre-Dame de la Belle Verrière è la vetrata più nota, spettacolare nel suo gioco di contrasti blu-rosso che è rimasto impresso nell’inconscio di molti artisti francesi, per molti secoli avvenire.
Risorse online
Tutte le vetrate di Chartres
Per ammirare nel dettaglio le vetrate di Chartres, potete navigare questa pianta e scegliere la singola porzione da guardare, predella per predella.
Una passeggiata nella cattedrale
Per fare semplicemente due passi all’interno della cattedrale, vi consiglio questo link.
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Sonia Delaunay: vivere nei colori
Tra le personalità che più mi hanno ispirata, per la sua visione artistica e concettuale, c'è sicuramente Sonia Delaunay. Per lei il colore non era semplicemente qualcosa da ammirare sulla parete di un museo, ma una vibrazione costante dentro la quale avvolgersi e vivere.
L’arte plumaria: comunicare a colori con le piume
Quando i portoghesi arrivarono in Brasile nel XVI secolo, rimasero subito affascinati dai preziosi e coloratissimi ornamenti delle popolazioni locali: tanto che alcuni dei loro re chiesero espressamente di portare a corte copricapi di piume.
Noi, da occidentali, possiamo apprezzare la bellezza dei colori e la varietà degli ornamenti, ma purtroppo manchiamo della cosa più importante: la comprensione del loro significato.
Land art: l’arte della, nella, con la terra
La land art o earth art nasce negli Stati Uniti alla fine degli anni ‘60 e si trasforma presto in una corrente internazionale. Ecco la storia, la forza e la fragilità di un genere relativamente nuovo, ma che si ispira al legame più antico e profondo che abbiamo: quello con la natura.
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