Sebbene non abbiano un significato univoco, i colori sono in grado di suggerire emozioni e, in alcuni casi, possono farsi carico di una parte della narrazione, come un vero e proprio sottotesto. In un romanzo, se il narratore si prende la briga di specificare il colore di un dettaglio, ad esempio un vestito, non sceglierà mai un colore a caso: vuole comunicarci qualcosa.
Affidare la comunicazione ai colori, però, potrebbe essere rischioso. In epoche diverse, in culture diverse, i colori assumono significati molto distanti fra loro. Anche facendo riferimento ad una sola epoca, diciamo la nostra, e alla sola cultura occidentale, non è detto che un singolo colore conservi lo stesso significato in tutte le situazioni.
Nonostante la difformità delle possibili interpretazioni, registi e romanzieri si affidano al colore secondo canoni che è facile intuire. Alcune scelte possono essere molto dirette, come il bianco per la purezza positiva e il nero per la malvagità, mentre altre sono più sottili o stratitificate, ma ugualmente efficaci.
Eroine a colori
Quando vengono raccontate storie di donne, capita spesso che l’abito diventi in qualche modo una parte importante della trama, soprattutto quando il romanzo viene trasposto in pellicola, ma non necessariamente.
Madame Bovary e il colore blu
Guidata da Riccardo Falcinelli, che in Cromorama dedica un capitolo al Blu Bovary, ho spulciato sul web le copertine di diverse edizioni del celebre romanzo di Flaubert e ho trovato questa, che mi sembra perfetta.
Alla sua prima apparizione nel romanzo, Emma appare al futuro marito, il medico Charles Bovary, vestita con un abito di lana blu, anzi, “turchino”, nella traduzione di Pavese. Emma ha i capelli e gli occhi scuri, al punto che qua e là Flaubert li descrive con riflessi bluastri, rimandando in questo caso all’accezione tenebrosa del blu, ma quando Emma acquista per sé vestiti e suppellettili di pregio (due abiti , uno di seta e uno di lana, e due vasi di vetro, acquistati a Rouen), li sceglie sempre di colore “turchino”, per la luce nobile e l’aristocratico valore della tinta blu in epoca romantica.
Nonostante nel 1706 fosse stato scoperto il Blu di Prussia, uno fra i primi pigmenti chimici utilizzati in ambito industriale, a metà ‘800 i tintori acquistavano ancora l‘indaco di importazione per i tessuti pregiati, che avevano quindi un costo elevato.
Il blu dei vasi di vetro, con cui Emma decora il camino di casa Bovary, erano probabilmente tinti con il cobalto, come le vetrate delle chiese gotiche, e costituiscono il suo tocco di classe alla casa, rappresentando la sua ambizione sociale, il suo desiderio di far parte di un mondo lontano e aristocratico.
Desiderando oggetti blu, Emma fugge dalla vita di provincia. Quando i debiti e gli abbandoni subiti dai suoi amanti diventano insopportabili, si uccide, attingendo l’arsenico da una bottiglia di vetro. Indovinate di che colore? Esatto, vetro blu.
Il rosso e il verde di Via col vento
Il nome Rossella è un adattamento italiano del nome Scarlett. Fa subito pensare al colore rosso, che rimanda al temperamento della donna e alla chioma scura, che probabilmente aveva riflessi mogano, data la sua origine irlandese. L’attrice scelta per impersonarla nel celebre film del 1938, Vivien Leigh, ha un perfetto incarnato chiaro, gli occhi verdi e i capelli scuri che ci si aspetta. Vuoi perché dona all’incarnato dell’attrice, vuoi perché rimanda alle origini irlandesi del personaggio, il verde è senza dubbio il colore che ha reso immortali gli abiti di Rossella O’Hara. Fra tutti, il più iconico è quello che Rossella, in ristrettezze economiche, ricava dalle tende di velluto verde per sfoggiare modi aristocratici, mentre sta in realtà chiedendo un prestito.
Ma cosa significa questo verde? Da una parte, il verde è la rinascita, la crescita, la fase formativa di un personaggio. Fa pensare alla speranza, eppure il verde ha anche un’accezione ambigua, legata al gioco d’azzardo e alla sorte in generale, non necessariamente buona. E in fondo Rossella è proprio questo, una giocatrice cinica, che alla fine non vince il banco, ma che, come in un gioco, è pronta a ricominciare.
I personaggi Disney e i colori morali
Venngage, che si occupa di grafica e colore applicati al marketing e alla comunicazione in generale, ha raccolto alcuni dati sui colori utilizzati dalla Disney per i personaggi nei lungometraggi animati. Ne vengono fuori situazioni piuttosto ovvie che possono valere come paradigma generale.
Ecco un grafico tratto dalla loro analisi.
FONTE: VENNGAGE
Giallo, Arancio, Rosso
Come vedete, sul giallo, che è luce, c’è poco da discutere.
Molto più interessante è il rosso, che rappresentando un carattere passionale e determinato, può trovarsi associato sia a personaggi positivi che negativi.
Blu e viola
Le sfumature di blu e viola rappreentano la nobiltà, il potere, il lusso e l’aristocrazia, e sono disposte in modo che, passando dal celeste della fatina, al blu scuro, e poi al viola di Malefica, mano mano si mescolino sfumature che vanno dall’assolutamente buono al malvagio, con alcune sovrapposizioni.
Verde
Il verde è sostanzialmnte positivo e molto usato nelle fasi di formazione: la Sirenetta, Merida di Brave e Mulan vestono di verde e affronteranno un percorso di crescita che le porterà a trasformarsi da bambine in eroine.
Bianco e Nero
Se il nero è monopolio dei cattivi, la parità del bianco potrebbe stupirci, ma pensateci bene: a volte i lupi si vetono da agnelli e la malvagità si cela dietro a paramenti immacolati e ad una disciplina ferrea, che, alla fine, quasi combacia con una mancanza totale di moralità, come nel caso di AUTO in Wall-E.
Fuori dal mondo Disney, questo aspetto del bianco ritorna in continuazione: pensate a Saruman nel signore degli anelli o al gatto bianco accarezzato dal capo della Spectre e, infine, ai capelli candidi dei Targaryen saga fantasy Cronache del ghiaccio e del fuoco di George R. R. Martin.
Potrebbero interessarti:
Storie di lana colorata: Il rosso e il verde Lincoln
Dove ha preso il suo cappuccio verde Robin Hood? E poi, siamo sicuri che fosse proprio verde? Ecco la storia di un rosso e di un verde di fama mondiale, caduti in disgrazia con la scoperta dell'America.
Il Verde, storia e carisma di un colore ambiguo
Oggi associamo al verde i colori della natura, delle foglie degli alberi e dell'ecologia, ma si tratta di un'interpretazione recente. Il verde è un colore sfuggente e più carismatico di quanto si possa pensare.
Il Libro dell’Arte di Cennino Cennini
A cavallo tra il XIV e il XV secolo, Cennino Cennini ha scritto primo trattato di pittura in lingua volgare: contiene, tra le altre cose, un "ricettario pratico" dei colori usati nella pittura medievale e rinascimentale. Scopriamo così che cosa è un giallo orpimento e che differenza c'è fra il blu di azzurrite e il blu oltremare.
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