Come per il blu o per il rosso, esistono diverse tonalità di grigio che hanno avuto più o meno fortuna fra gli artisti. Vi presento il Grigio di Payne, una tonalità che sicuramente conoscete, anche se probabilmente molti di voi non le avevano mai dato un nome, ma che sicuramente non è passata inosservata ai più attenti osservatori della natura.
Non esiste un solo Grigio
Il grigio vero e proprio non è un colore: non avendo tonalità è acromatico. Lo si ottiene modulando l’intensità della luce, dal bianco assoluto, all’assenza di luce, ossia al nero.
Nella realtà della materia e dei colori pittorici, però, è difficile che esistano gli assoluti. Il bianco non è mai luce piena e il nero, lo abbiamo visto, riflette sempre una parte dello spettro cromatico, seppure minima. In più, sia il nero che i grigi possono essere cromatici. Il nero, ad esempio, si può ottenere, in quaricormia, mescolando in parti uguali tutti i colori primari, ossia ciano, magenta e giallo. Per la verità, agendo in questo modo, è più facile ottenere tonalità diverse di grigio, che possono essere non solo più o meno scure, ma anche più o meno calde o fredde. Ossia, il grigio smette di essere un colore acromatico e diventa una sfumatura, ad esempio, del blu.
È questo il caso del Grigio di Payne, una delle tonalità più amate dai pittori, principalmente da chi si dedica all’acquerello paesaggistico.
Autoritratto di William Payne
William Payne e il colore dell’atmosfera
Il suo nome deriva da quello del suo inventore, un pittore inglese di dubbia fama che visse a cavallo fra XVIII e XIX secolo. William Payne non era un artista particolarmente geniale, anche se probabilmente era un buon insegnante. Nel Dictionary of National Biography, che si occupa di raccogliere notizie biografiche di tutte le figure notabili del Regno Unito, la sua opera viene descritta come manieristica e la sua vena artistica ben presto esaurita e superata. Eppure, Payne fu molto efficace nel venire a capo di un dilemma non da poco per un paesaggista: di che colore è l’atmosfera?
Avrete notato che gli oggetti lontani, come palazzi o montagne, assumono una colorazione indistinguibile. L’effetto è dovuto al pulviscolo atmosferico che rifrange la luce, appiattendo qualsiasi colore in una sfumatura omogenea tendente al blu. Per dare l’effetto di lontananza ad un qualsiasi oggetto, è necessario tenere conto di questo effetto e riprodurlo sulla carta, ignorando il colore originale dell’oggetto in questione. Payne dovette spendere molto tempo alla ricerca della sfumatura perfetta, tanto che nessuno ricorda un suo quadro, ma oggi ancora possiamo acquistare tinte con il suo nome: il Grigio di Payne, appunto.
Cos’è il Grigio di Payne e come viene usato
Ma cos’è il Grigio di Payne? Intanto, non è un pigmento puro, ma una miscela. La sua ricetta originale prevede blu di Prussia, giallo ocra e cremisi. A dirla tutta, volendolo miscelare a casa, il modo più rapido di ottenere una sfumatura molto simile è mescolare un blu scuro marino ad un terra di Siena bruciata, che in sé sintetizza l’ocra e le sfumature rosse necessarie per ottenere questo grigio bluastro.
Il Grigio di Payne è il colore perfetto per la penombra, per le montagne all’orizzonte, per i palazzi al crepuscolo o gli oggetti immersi nella nebbia e nello smog. È un colore adatto ad esprimere la lontananza, la malinconia e la reminiscenza, ma non solo. Se ci si lascia andare oltre il margine del realismo, laddove Payne sicuramente non si era mai avventurato, il suo grigio può egregiamente interpretare la parte seducente del confine fra luce e colore, regalando profondità ai tratti più luminosi e smorzando i contrasti fra colori opposti di un’opera astratta.
Come ottenere il Grigio di Payne
Attualmente, Maimeri, Van Gogh e Winsor&Newton sono alcuni dei produttori che mettono a disposizione questa tonalità, anche se le loro formule differiscono molto e quindi anche il risultato è piuttosto variabile. Personalmente, non credo di aver mai acquistato il colore pronto: preferisco mescolare il blu con più o meno ocra e Terra di Siena, fino ad ottenere la sfumatura vellutata che preferisco. Un’altra scorciatoia consiste nell’aggiungere il nero, ma la sconsiglio: meglio sprecare un po’ di colore sperimentando la giusta quantità di blu di prussia, per ottenere una tonalità meno piatta e assai più interessante e personalizzata.
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