L’ultima volta abbiamo parlato del colore più amato, il Blu. Per compensare il vostro entusiasmo, ho deciso di dedicare questa puntata di #artistantecolore al Giallo, il colore “infame”.
Come si ottiene il Giallo
A voler indagare, più che infame, vien fuori che è tossico, per lo meno in pittura. I pigmenti gialli più persistenti, infatti, sono l’orpimento (arsenico), il cromo e il cadmio. I primi due non sono più in circolazione, data la tossicità, e ci è rimasto il Cadmio, il cui uso è ristretto dal 2014 e che si sta tentando di eliminare dal mercato.
Sarà questa sua origine materica tossica ad averne in qualche modo influenzato il destino? Non lo sappiamo, ma è andata così. Cominciamo dall’inizio.
Il Giallo nell’arte preistorica
Poiché era ampiamente disponibile e semplice da impastare, il pigmento giallo ocra, insieme a tutte le altre sfumature dell’ocra, fu uno dei primi colori utilizzati nell’arte.
L’etimologia del nome è riscontrabile nel termine proto-germanico gelwaz e nel latino si trova galbus. Entrambi significano propriamente verde pallido e entrambi possono essere ricondotti alla radice indoeuropea -ghel che, oltre a brillante e splendente, significa anche urlare, gridare. Interessante notare che il giallo si indica in inglese con il termine yellow, mentre il verbo yell significa urlare.
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Il tono accesso, che ricorda la brillantezza dell’oro, è stato molto apprezzato per tutta l’antichità, soprattutto quando si scoprì come ricavarlo dall’orpimento, ossia il cristallo di solfuro di arsenico, dal quale si produceva un giallo puro e brillante, superiore per consistenza e intensità a qualsiasi ocra.
Il suo uso è già attestato nell’antico Egitto ai tempi della XVIII dinastia (XVI-XIV sec. a.C.). Nella tomba di Tutankhamon è stata trovata una piccola scatola di colori con pigmento di orpimento.
Del resto, il giallo orpimento è il complementare del blu egiziano (di cui abbiamo già parlato qui), e gli egizi erano un popolo attento a questo tipo di dettaglio eestetico.
Il nome stesso “orpimento” deriva dal francese “orpiment” che a sua volta riprende il latino “auripigmentum”, cioè “pigmento color dell’oro”, a testimoniarne il successo in epoca romana.
Per farcene un’idea, possiamo ancora ammirare gli affreschi di Pompei.
Il colore Giallo nel medioevo
Nel medioevo, i colori dell’abito, che servivano spesso per collocare l’individuo in un determinato gruppo sociale, ne segnavano anche l’esclusione: prostitute, lebbrosi, ebrei, vagabondi, erano spesso costretti ad indossare specifici colori. Il colore emarginato divenne presto il colore degli esclusi.
Il giallo veniva spesso affibbiato alle prostitute (come a Venezia), ma anche ai monaci accusati di stregoneria e, nei paesi fiamminghi, ai debitori e ai truffatori. Divenne anche il colore discriminante per musulmani ed ebrei.
Nel concilio IV Concilio Lateranense, si stabilì che tutti gli ebrei dovevano indossare il giallo a partire dai 12 anni, per distinguersi dal resto della popolazione. Del resto, era il colore di Giuda, come possiamo notare dall’interpetazione che ne dà Giotto nella Cappella degli Scrovegni. E così via, per i secoli avvenire.
Il Colore Giallo nella pittura espressionista
Perché il giallo venisse riabilitato, dobbiamo aspettare il XIX secolo. Furono le ricerche degli impressionisti sui cambiamenti dell’illuminazione solare, e sull’influenza dell’atmosfera nella percezione visiva del paesaggio, a restituire al giallo primario il suo ruolo nella composizione della luce. L’espressionismo fece il resto.
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Palette in Giallo
Una raccolta di palette a base di Giallo, così, solo per illuminare la giornata.
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” a volere indagare, …, ‘vien fuori’ che è tossico” Sic! Titolo: Come si ottiene il giallo; esclamativo o interrogativo? O molto meglio: i gialli!!!! Nell’uno e nell’altro caso come si ottengono almeno i gialli di cromo e di cadmio citati? Grazie
Salve Davide, il giallo di cadmio può essere prodotto sia sinteticamente che naturalmente ed è meno tossico di quello di cromo, che è un pigmento ottenibile solo tramite processo chimico, dall’ossido di piombo. Per questo si sta cercando di eliminare dal mercato quello di cromo, non senza incontrare una certa resistenza da parte di artisti e addetti ai lavori. Per i dettagli chimici, ti consiglio di cercare maggiori informazioni su altri siti che abbiano un taglio industriale e tecnico sull’argomento. Invece, dal punto di vista estetico, vorrei chiederti: ti piace il giallo?